Healthy nails, whether on fingers or toes, typically have a soft pink color with a single white crescent called the lunula at the base of each nail. However, small white spots can sometimes appear on the nails without an obvious cause.
Medically known as leukonychia, these white spots can result from various factors beyond just mineral deficiency. They may be linked to nail injuries, infections, underlying medical conditions, or even certain lifestyle habits. Understanding the different causes of leukonychia can help determine the best approach to reducing or preventing these white spots.
What Are White Spots on Nails?
White spots on nails, also known as leukonychia partialis, refer to a type of partial white discoloration of the nails.
The term leukonychia comes from two Greek words: leuko (meaning white) and onyx (meaning nail). Depending on how the white spots appear, there are three main types of partial leukonychia:
Leukonychia Striata
This type appears as horizontal white bands running parallel to the lunula (the half-moon-shaped base of the nail). These are also known as Mees’ lines and usually grow out over time as the nail continues to develop.
Longitudinal Leukonychia
Longitudinal leukonychia presents as multiple pale white bands, at least 1mm thick, running vertically along the length of the nail.
Leukonychia Punctata
This is the most common type of leukonychia and appears as small white dots scattered across the nail. These spots typically disappear as the nail grows, though their pattern and number may change over time.
What Causes White Spots on Nails
Fungal Infection
White superficial onychomycosis is a common nail fungus that causes small white spots to appear on the nails. This condition is more frequently seen in toenails but can also affect fingernails.
A study on onychomycosis involving 3,226 patients found that men are more likely to develop nail fungus than women (40% vs. 23%). The study also reported that toenails are more frequently infected (69%) compared to fingernails (31%). The most common fungus found in fingernails is Candida (84%), while dermatophytes (48%) are the most prevalent in toenails.
Damage or Allergic Reactions to Nail Products
The use of acrylic or gel-based nail products can weaken the nails, leading to white spots or discoloration. Additionally, an allergic reaction to nail products such as polish, gloss, nail paint remover, or nail hardeners can cause nail discoloration and white patches.
Mineral Deficiency
A deficiency in minerals such as calcium or zinc is often linked to white spots on nails. However, some studies suggest that a lack of these nutrients does not directly cause white spots.
Despite this, overall nail health depends on adequate levels of essential minerals, including magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, sodium, and copper. A deficiency in these minerals may weaken the nail plate, making it more susceptible to damage. Addressing potential nutrient deficiencies is often recommended as part of nail health maintenance.
Other Causes
In rare cases, white spots on nails may be linked to underlying medical conditions, including:
- Heart disease
- Psoriasis or eczema
- Renal failure
- Pneumonia
- Arsenic poisoning
- Systemic diseases affecting multiple body systems
Home Remedies for White Spots on Nails
Eat Foods Rich in Minerals
Incorporating mineral-rich foods into your diet can help strengthen the nail plate and promote faster recovery from nail trauma. Leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and fish provide essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats that contribute to strong, healthy nails.
Use Skin-Toned or Colored Nail Polish
For a temporary solution, apply nail polish to cover the white spots. Choosing a polish that matches your skin tone can create a natural look, while experimenting with different colors can add a fun touch.
Avoid Exposure to Allergens
If the white spots appeared after using a specific nail product, discontinuing its use may help. Checking the ingredient list can also help identify potential allergens and prevent further nail discoloration.
In most cases, white spots on nails fade on their own within six months, as this is the time it typically takes for the entire fingernail to grow out and be replaced.
How to Prevent the Formation of White Spots on Nails
While it is not always possible to completely prevent white spots on nails, following proper nail care practices can help protect the nails and reduce the risk of discoloration.
- Avoid contact with irritants and chemicals such as acrylates, formaldehyde, and toluene sulfonamide-formaldehyde resin. These substances can cause allergic contact dermatitis, leading to nail dryness, brittleness, and damage.
- Limit excessive use of nail polish to allow nails to breathe and maintain their natural strength.
- Keep nails short and well-trimmed to minimize the risk of trauma or breakage.
- Use a moisturizer after washing your hands to prevent nail dryness and maintain hydration.
By following these simple preventive measures, you can help keep your nails healthy and reduce the chances of developing white spots.